Antibiotic resistance occurs when bacteria evolve mechanisms to survive exposure to antibiotics, making infections harder to treat. It is driven by overuse and misuse of antibiotics in human medicine, agriculture, and animal husbandry. Antibiotic resistance leads to prolonged illness, higher healthcare costs, increased mortality, and limited treatment options. Resistant infections threaten routine medical procedures such as surgery and chemotherapy. Public health responses focus on surveillance, rational antibiotic use, infection prevention, and public awareness. Addressing antibiotic resistance requires coordinated action across healthcare systems, communities, and global health organizations. Preventing resistance is essential to preserving the effectiveness of existing antibiotics and protecting future generations.
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