Cardiovascular Diseases

Cardiovascular Diseases (CVDs) are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide and represent a major public health challenge. They include conditions such as coronary artery disease, stroke, hypertension, heart failure, and peripheral vascular disease. Public health approaches to cardiovascular diseases focus on prevention, early detection, and long-term management. Key risk factors include unhealthy diets, physical inactivity, tobacco use, harmful alcohol consumption, obesity, diabetes, and high blood pressure. Population-based strategies emphasize health promotion, lifestyle modification, screening, and access to essential care. Addressing social determinants such as income, education, and access to healthy environments is also critical. Strengthening primary healthcare and community-based interventions helps reduce cardiovascular risk. Effective prevention and management of cardiovascular diseases improve life expectancy, reduce healthcare costs, and enhance overall population health and wellbeing.