The Human–Animal Interface refers to the points of interaction between humans, animals, and their shared environments, where infectious diseases can emerge and spread. Close contact with livestock, wildlife, and companion animals increases the risk of zoonotic diseases, which can cross species barriers and impact human health. Changes in land use, urbanization, wildlife trade, and intensive farming practices intensify these interactions, raising public health risks. Understanding the human–animal interface is central to the One Health approach, which integrates human, animal, and environmental health to improve disease surveillance, prevention, and control. Strengthening biosecurity, veterinary public health systems, and community awareness reduces transmission risks.
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