Land degradation refers to the decline in land quality caused by human activities and natural processes, leading to reduced productivity and ecosystem function. Major causes include deforestation, overgrazing, unsustainable agriculture, soil erosion, mining, urban expansion, and climate change. Degraded land affects food security, water availability, biodiversity, and livelihoods, particularly in rural and vulnerable communities. From a public health perspective, land degradation contributes to malnutrition, poverty, displacement, and increased exposure to environmental hazards. Sustainable land management practices such as soil conservation, reforestation, sustainable agriculture, and land restoration are essential to reverse degradation. Public policies, community participation, and long-term planning play key roles in prevention. Addressing land degradation supports environmental sustainability, climate resilience, economic stability, and improved human health outcomes.
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