Nosocomial Infections

Nosocomial infections, also known as Healthcare-Associated Infections (HAIs), are infections acquired by patients during hospitalization or while receiving medical care. These infections are a major public health concern because they increase morbidity, mortality, hospital stay, and healthcare costs. Common nosocomial infections include urinary tract infections, surgical site infections, bloodstream infections, and ventilator-associated pneumonia. They are often caused by bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, many of which show antimicrobial resistance. Risk factors include invasive procedures, prolonged hospital stays, weakened immunity, and improper infection control practices. Public health prevention focuses on strict hand hygiene, sterilization of medical equipment, safe injection practices, environmental cleaning, and antimicrobial stewardship. Surveillance systems and staff training play a critical role in early detection and control. Strengthening infection prevention and control programs is essential to reduce the burden of nosocomial infections and ensure patient safety.